Computed partial pressures of volatile species in a 55-Cnc e like atmosphere: shown here are the partial pressures of CO (panels a and b) CO₂ (panels c and d), H₂O (panels e and f), SO₂ (panels ɡ and h). The solid lines indicate the partial pressures calculated using LavAtmos 2.0 (this study) and the dashed lines show the partial pressures calculated when using the volatile-free vaporisation approach. Two volatile atmosphere compositions are tested (see Table 1) of which one is carbon poor (≃0.01 w% C, grey) and the other carbon rich (≃10%, black). The left-hand panel shows partial pressures plotted as a function of the total volatile pressure of the atmosphere at a fixed temperature of 2500, and the right-hand panel as a function of surface temperature at a fixed total volatile pressure of 10 bar. The blue area indicates the estimated surface pressure range of 55-Cnc e and the red area indicates the estimated surface temperature range of 55-Cnc e (Hu et al. 2024).