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Table 3

Observations and best-fit simulations of HC3N/N2H+, HC3N/H2, and N2H+/H2 in HMSFRs.

Ratio Observation Median value (a) Within 104 AU in model 4 Within 105 AU in model 6
HMSC stage
HC3N/N2H+ 0.0247 – 0.298 0.136 0.135 0.154
HC3N/H2 2.53 × 10−11 – 5.61 × 10−10 8.74 × 10−11 1.28 × 10−10 8.35 × 10−11
N2H+/H2 7.79 × 10−11 – 2.44 × 10−9 1.02 × 10−9 9.47 × 10−10 5.43 × 10−10
κ 0.947 0.908
ttotal (yr) 2.78 × 104 3.00 × 104

HMPO stage
HC3N/N2H+ 0.0446 – 0.941 0.303 0.301 0.298
HC3N/H2 4.73 × 10−11 – 3.15 × 10−10 1.01 × 10−10 1.21 × 10−10 1.42 × 10−10
N2H+/H2 2.54 × 10−10 – 1.06 × 10−9 4.86 × 10−10 4.01 × 10−10 4.78 × 10−10
κ 0.956 0.957
ttotal (yr) 3.09 × 104 3.12 × 104

UCHII stage
HC3N/N2H+ 0.398–2.41 0.777 1.08 0.775
HC3N/H2 9.37 × 10−11 – 4.32 × 10−10 2.34 × 10−10 2.33 × 10−10 3.04 × 10−10
N2H+/H2 1.94 × 10−10 – 5.62 × 10−10 3.02 × 10−10 2.16 × 10−10 3.92 × 10−10
κ 0.923 0.940
ttotal (yr) 1.12 × 105 9.67 × 104

Notes. (a) The median values are derived from observations proposed by Taniguchi et al. (2019b) and Wang et al. (2023).

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