Open Access

Table 2

Physical models of HMSFRs.

Parameter Model 1 (a) Model 2(b) Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
HMSC stage
Inner radius rin 102 AU 12 700 AU 102 AU 12 700 AU 102 AU 102 AU
Outer radius rout 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU
Density at the inner radius ρin 1.2 × 109 cm−3 1.4 × 105 cm−3 1.2 × 109 cm−3 1.4 × 105 cm−3 1.2 × 109 cm−3 1.2 × 109 cm−3
Density power-law index p 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8
Temperature at the inner radius Tin 20.9 K 11.3 K 20.9 K 11.3 K 20.9 K 20.9 K
Temperature power-law index q 0 0 0 0 0 0
Timescale of HMSC stage tHMSC 1.1 × 104 yr 1.65 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr

HMPO stage
Inner radius rin 1130 AU 103 AU 1130 AU 103 AU 102 AU 102 AU
Outer radius rout 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU
Density at the inner radius ρin 5.0 × 106 cm−3 1.5 × 109 cm−3 5.0 × 106 cm−3 1.5 × 109 cm−3 1.5 × 109 cm−3 1.5 × 109 cm−3
Density power-law index p 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8
Temperature at the inner radius Tin 77.3 K 75.8 K 77.3 K 75.8 K 227.4 K 227.4 K
Temperature power-law index q 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Timescale of HMPO stage tHMPO 6.0 × 104 yr 3.2 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr

HMC stage
Inner radius rin 102 AU 1140 AU 102 AU 1140 AU 102 AU 102 AU
Outer radius rout 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU
Density at the inner radius ρin 2.7 × 109 cm−3 1.3 × 108 cm−3 2.7 × 109 cm−3 1.3 × 108 cm−3 2.7 × 109 cm−3 2.7 × 109 cm−3
Density power-law index p 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.6
Temperature at the inner radius Tin 268.3 K 162.9 K 268.3 K 162.9 K 268.3 K 268.3 K
Temperature power-law index q 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.34
Timescale of HMC stage tHMC 4.2 × 104 yr 3.5 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr

UCHII stage
Inner radius rin 102 AU 103 AU 102 AU 103 AU 102 AU 102 AU
Outer radius rout 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU 105 AU
Density at the inner radius ρin 2.4 × 108 cm−3 1.0 × 10l0 cm−3 2.4 × 108 cm−3 1.0 × 1010 cm−3 1.0 × 1010 cm−3 1.0 × 1010 cm−3
Density power-law index p 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.6
Temperature at the inner radius Tin 293.1 K 244.3 K 293.1 K 244.3 K 293.1 K 293.1 K
Temperature power-law index q 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.34
Timescale of UCHII stage tUCHII 1.2 × 104 yr 1.65 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr 3.0 × 104 yr

Total timescale ttotal 1.25 × 105 yr 1.0 × 105 yr 1.2 × 105 yr 1.2 × 105 yr 1.2 × 105 yr 1.2 × 105 yr

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.