Schematic view of Jupiter’s molecular hydrogen envelope. Low pressures (≲1 bar) correspond to the radiative photosphere, which based on chemistry codes is characterised by nitrogen-bearing clouds. Below is an outer convective zone that sits on top of a potential radiative layer. The radiative layer extends from ∼10³–10⁴ bar, at which refractory species condense. At pressures ≳10⁴ bar, the atmosphere is convective again. We only show several condensing species for illustrative purposes. The structure of Saturn would be similar, although with a different zonal wind depth.