Open Access

Table A.1.

All 84 features used in the feature selection.

No. Feature Description

Selected features for the clustering analysis

1 log_sigvar* Significance of variability in the G band in a log scale
2 frac_period* Period over the standard deviation (std) of the three band Gaia lightcurve periods
3 std* Standard deviation of the G, BP, and RP periods
4 fapG* False alarm probability of the Lomb-Scargle dominant frequency peak (G band)
5 fapRP* False alarm probability of the Lomb-Scargle dominant frequency peak (RP band)
6 fapBP* False alarm probability of the Lomb-Scargle dominant frequency peak (BP band)
7 Period_G* Derived period from the G-band lightcurve
8 Period_BP* Derived period in the BP-band lightcurve
9 period_RP* Derived period in the RP-band lightcurve
10 amp_G* Amplitude of variability in the G band (mag.)
11 amp_BP* Amplitude of variability in the BP band (mag.)
12 kurtosisG* G-band kurtosis of the periodogram
13 p99* 99th percentile of all periodogram peaks based on the G-band lightcurves
14 p95_100* 95th percentile of the first 100 frequency peaks based on the G-band lightcurves
15 n05* Number of peaks above 0.5 of the normalised Ψ− periodogram based on the G band
16 psi_sigvar* G-band median absolute deviation of the periodogram
17 bp_rp ∤ BP−RP colour
18 range_mag_g_fov The range of the G-band time series
19 abbe_mag_g_fov The Abbe value of the G-band time series
20 iqr_mag_g_fov The Interquartile Range (IQR) of the G-band time series
21 mad_mag_g_fov The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the G-band time series
22 stetson_mag_g_fov The single-band Stetson variability index
23 abbe_mag_bp The Abbe value of the BP-band time series
24 abbe_mag_rp The Abbe value of the RP-band time series
25 outlier_median_g_fov Greatest absolute deviation from the G median normalised by the error
26 skewness_mag_bp The standardised unbiased unweighted skewness of the BP-band time series
27 std_dev_over_rms_err_mag_g_fov S/N ratio G estimate

Excluded features in the feature selection processes

28 G_abs* Gaia G absolute magnitude
29 N_G* Number of observations in the G band.
30 N_BP* Number of observations in the BP band
31 N_RP* Number of observations in the RP band.
32 amp_RP* Amplitude of variability in the RP band (mag.)
33 p90_100* 90th percentile of the first 100 frequency peaks
34 p99_100* 99th percentile of the first 100 frequency peaks
35 rmse_over_ptp_amp* Root mean square error (RMSE) of the Lomb-Scargle model
fit over the peak-to-peak G amplitude
36 parallax ∤ Gaia parallax
37 parallax_error ∤ Gaia parallax error
38 phot_g_mean_mag ∤ G-band mean magnitude
39 phot_g_n_obs ∤ Number of observation contributing to G photometry
40 RUWE ∤ Renormalised unit weight error
41 num_selected_g_fov Total number of G FOV transits selected for variability analysis
42 mean_obs_time_g_fov Mean observation time for G observations
43 time_duration_g_fov Time duration of the G time series
44 min_mag_g_fov The minimum value of the G-band time series
45 max_mag_g_fov The maximum value of the G-band time series
46 mean_mag_g_fov The mean of the G-band time series
47 median_mag_g_fov The median of the G-band time series
48 trimmed_range_mag_g_fov Trimmed difference between the highest and lowest G-band time series
49 std_dev_mag_g_fov Square root of the unweighted G magnitude variance
50 skewness_mag_g_fov The standardised unbiased unweighted skewness of the G-band time series
51 kurtosis_mag_g_fov The standardised unbiased unweighted kurtosis of the G-band time series
52 num_selected_bp Total number of BP observations selected for variability analysis
53 mean_obs_time_bp Mean observation time for BP observations
54 time_duration_bp Time duration of the BP time series
55 min_mag_bp The minimum value of the BP-band time series
56 max_mag_bp The maximum value of the BP-band time series
57 mean_mag_bp The mean of the BP-band time series
58 median_mag_bp The median of the BP-band time series
59 range_mag_bp The range of the BP-band time series
60 trimmed_range_mag_bp Trimmed difference between the highest and lowest BP-band time series
61 std_dev_mag_bp Square root of the unweighted BP magnitude variance
62 kurtosis_mag_bp The standardised unbiased unweighted kurtosis of the BP-band time series
63 mad_mag_bp The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the BP-band time series
64 iqr_mag_bp The Interquartile Range (IQR) of the BP-band time series
65 stetson_mag_bp The single-band Stetson variability index
66 std_dev_over_rms_err_mag_bp S/N ratio BP estimate
67 outlier_median_bp Greatest absolute deviation from the BP median normalised by the error
No. Feature Description
68 num_selected_rp Total number of RP observations selected for variability analysis
69 mean_obs_time_rp Mean observation time for RP observations
70 time_duration_rp Time duration of the RP time series
71 min_mag_rp The minimum value of the RP-band time series
72 max_mag_rp The maximum value of the RP-band time series
73 mean_mag_rp The mean of the RP-band time series
74 median_mag_rp The median of the RP-band time series
75 range_mag_rp The range of the RP-band time series
76 trimmed_range_mag_rp Trimmed difference between the highest and lowest RP-band time series
77 std_dev_mag_rp Square root of the unweighted RP magnitude variance
78 skewness_mag_rp The standardised unbiased unweighted skewness of the RP-band time series
79 kurtosis_mag_rp The standardised unbiased unweighted kurtosis of the RP-band time series
80 mad_mag_rp The Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the RP-band time series
81 iqr_mag_rp The Interquartile Range (IQR) of the RP-band time series
82 stetson_mag_rp The single-band Stetson variability index
83 std_dev_over_rms_err_mag_rp S/N ratio RP estimate
84 outlier_median_rp Greatest absolute deviation from the RP median normalised by the error

Notes. Features marked with (*) were computed in this work, those with (∤) are from the Gaia DR3 source database (Gaia Collaboration 2023), while the rest were obtained from the Gaia variability summary table (Eyer et al. 2023). A full description of these Gaia statistics can be found in the Gaia documentation here.

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