Dependence of the apparent radio–optical offset d_app on the redshift z (left column) and jet observation angle θ_obs (right column). For various average mass-loading rates Q₀ (see legend), solid lines represent the average across our randomized set of jets. Results are displayed for the two stellar distributions tested (r_c,s = 1.0 kpc first row and r_c,s = 1.5 kpc second row), with a fixed gas distribution of r_{\mathrm{c}} = 1.0 kpc. The horizontal black lines illustrate the medians d_app obtained by P19 for quasars (0.7 mas, dashed line), radio galaxies (2.3 mas, dash dotted line), and Seyfert 2 (7.2 mas, dotted line) in the case of significant offset detection. We also show the typical Gaia angular resolution as a solid black line for qualitative comparisons.