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Fig. 12.

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Evolution of Earth’s magnetic and thermodynamic quantities in EUHFORIA. From top to bottom, the figure shows the profiles of the total velocity in km/s, the total magnetic field in nT, the density in m−3, and the temperature at Earth as predicted by EUHFORIA. Each coloured line represents a different simulation, as in Fig. 9 and the purple vertical lines approximately mark the start of the sheath, the beginning of the ME, and the end of the ME for the simulation named ’TDm_3’.

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