Receiver operating characteristic curves for the binary classifier trained on datasets with varying subhalo masses. The curves represent subhalos with masses 5 × 10⁷M_⊙ (<AOC>=0.63), 10⁸ M_⊙ (<AOC>=0.77), and 5 × 10⁸ M_⊙ (<AOC>=1.00) solar masses. The width of the bands represents the standard deviation of the curves when training and evaluating the model 30 times. The median AOC values indicate the classifier’s performance in distinguishing between background (no subhalo) and the presence of a subhalo. The performance of the binary classifier scales with the mass of the subhalo.