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Fig. 2

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Stellar phase-space feature maps shown in the reference frame of the simulation box (i.e. frame at which the perturber is moving from left to right with an initial speed of 225 km/s) extracted from a simulation with a perturber of mass 5 × 108 M after an integration time t = 194.94 Myr. We note that in the simulation box’s reference frame, the average (unperturbed) 3D velocity of the wind is 0 km/s, and its average (unperturbed) speed in the XY plane is 119 km/s. The maps are generated from data contained in a z-slice of ɀ ∈ [−20, 20] kpc. Panel a: Overdensity. Panel b: mean speed. Panel c: speed dispersion. Panel d: divergence. The panels show the Gaussian-smoothed features projected onto the XY plane. Inside the dashed contour of panel a, we show the half-max region of the overdensity. Each subfigure includes a lower plot that shows each Y-band’s radial profile along the X-axis. The perturber is situated in the middle of the histogram, with the black circle depicting its scale radius. We observed that the wake effects are seen in all four of the phase-space features.

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