Fig. 7.

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Color-magnitude diagram and evolutionary tracks for five sdB models derived from a 2.16 M⊙ main-sequence progenitor. In the left panel, the gray data points represent sources within 100 parsecs in the Gaia DR3 dataset, and the green, blue, and gold points indicate candidate sources identified as sdB, sdO, and sdOB stars, respectively. The right panel shows MESA evolutionary tracks of sdB model stars with different hydrogen envelope masses, with or without convective overshooting. When the helium core mass is 0.431 M⊙ and the envelope mass is 0.0013 M⊙, the evolutionary track covers the observed data and corresponding 1σ error region.
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