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Fig. 3

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Predicted water vapor mass and its mass ratio relative to the solid mass as a function of CO mass in the left and right panels, respectively. All the symbols are defined in Fig. 2. As an example, the H2O-to-CO conversion factor is switched from Eq. (12) for Hypothesis 1 to Eq. (14) for Hypothesis 2 at the transition CO mass of 10–3; for clear comparison, these conversion factors are shown by the solid red and the dashed orange lines for Hypotheses 1 and 2, respectively (left panel). Such switching results in a clear jump in the H2O mass and its mass ratio. In the left panel, tentative constraints derived from previous observations are also plotted; the water vapor mass estimated for the protoplanetary disk around TW Hydrae is denoted by the horizontal, solid red line segment, while that for the debris disk around β Pic is represented by the error bar. The non-monotonic distributions in the water vapor mass and its mass ratio relative to the solid mass enable better determination of the origin of gas in debris disks.

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