Luminosity scalings used in this work. Upper panel: scaling of soft-band, high-mass X-ray binary luminosity with SFR. Red and blue lines with the corresponding shaded regions represent the mean and 2σ range for metalicities Z = −3.6, −2.0, respectively. Green stars correspond to values from local star forming galaxies, discussed in Brorby et al. (2016). Purple diamonds are redshift-binned stacks from Fornasini et al. (2019) for z = 1.5 and 2.3. Lower panels: SFR scaling of the integrated Lyman-Werner (11.2–13.6 eV) luminosity (left panel) and specific ionizing luminosity at the Lyman-limit (right panel). Shaded regions represent the 2σ scatter around the mean relation. Both panels assume that metallicity follows the mean FMR.