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Table B.1.

Computation times for the six modeling methods, including best-fit optimization and posterior distribution sampling.

Modeling method label Software package Involved steps Longest instance Total Hardware configuration
Sérsic+Shapelets LENSTRONOMY PSO + MCMC 17 hours 38 hours Intel Core i7 CPU (2 cores)
Adaptive+Matérn VKL Nested sampling 4 days 4.2 days Intel Xeon Platinum 8260 CPU (96 cores)
Cluster+Exp QLENS Nested sampling 1.5 hours 1.5 hours Intel Xeon Platinum 8160 CPU (192 cores)
Cluster+Exp+Lumweight QLENS Nested sampling 2 hours 2 hours Intel Xeon Platinum 8160 CPU (192 cores)
Sparsity+Wavelets HERCULENS Grad. descent + SVI 6 minutes 3.4 hours NVIDIA A10 GPU
Correlated Field HERCULENS Grad. descent + geoVI 45 minutes 4.5 hours NVIDIA A10 GPU

Notes. Some of the final models were obtained by combining several model instances, so we quote the runtime for a single instance (the most expensive) in addition to the total runtime (assuming single instances were not performed in parallel). For additional details and software package references, see Sect. 3 and Appendix B.

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