Star formation rate retrieval on the Chimera benchmark data set. As in Fig. 21. Each panel shows the deviation of the estimated SFR from the true SFR (in log units of M_⊙/yr, x-axis). The first three rows’ right panels show the performance of current models at moderate AGN luminosities. Overestimates by 1–2 dex are common at low star formation rates, with outlier fractions between 10–30 per cent. The bias of GRAHSP (last row) is lower and the outlier fraction consistently below 10 per cent.