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Fig. 9

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Collision outcomes from simulations of two evolved 10 MJ clumps. The markers represent the real data acquired from the simulations. The data point at (b, υimp) = (0.65, 1.05) is a case of graze-and-merge impact where ≥95% of the mass remains gravitationally bound. This plot includes additional simulations at impact velocities below the mutual escape velocity (dashed red line). Head-on collisions with υimp/υesc < 1 still trigger dynamical collapse while more oblique impacts result in erosion or hit-and-run.

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