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Fig. 6

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Pebble torque, Γp, acting on a planet with the mass Mpl = 1.51 M in gas disks with various aspect ratios, h. We show the nominal case from the MspE0 simulations with h = 0.05 (orange), as well as additional calculations for h = 0.04 (red) and 0.06 (blue). We compare the dependences for a non-normalized torque (top), a normalization Γp/h−2 following Eq. (13) (middle), and a normalization, Γp/(h՜−2.45St−19h), that we found to be intrinsic to the pebble torque (bottom). The results of the bottom panel were used to generalize our empirical torque formula in Eqs. (17) and (18).

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