Fig. 5
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Pebble torque, Γp, normalized by Γ0 (Eq. (13)) as a function of the Stokes number for our superparticle simulations with pebble accretion (set MspE0). Coloured curves distinguish simulation results for different planetary masses, Mpl , as specified in the legend. Dotted curves correspond to the empirical scaling law provided in Eqs. (14)– (16) and further generalized in Eqs. (17) and (18).
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