Distribution of galaxies around the Virgo cluster (top-left panel, from Castignani et al. 2022b) and around the three Virgo-like clusters in the GAEA model (top right: GAEA V1, bottom left: GAEA V2, bottom right: GAEA V3) in celestial coordinates (corresponding to the GAEA-all sets; Sect. 4.1). The label of each panel indicates the mass of Virgo or of the Virgo-like halos. Each point is a galaxy with ${\mathrm{M}}_{\star }>{10}^{8.3}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ (mass completeness limit) and is colour-coded by its recessional velocity. Additionally, galaxies belonging to filaments (see Sect. 3.1) are highlighted in red, and the cluster members in blue.