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Fig. 4

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Properties of the swirls during the kinematic and saturation phases of the SSD and at different heights in the atmosphere of the four stellar models. The average number of swirls per granule in the simulation domain (top), the average ratio between radius and pressure scale height, reff/Hp (middle-top), rotational period, Peff (middle-bottom), and plasma rotational velocity vϕ,eff (bottom), are shown. The heights of the cross sections labeled as convection zone, surface, middle photosphere, and higher photosphere are given in Table 2 for the four stellar models.

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