Illustration of the wave-associated plasma motion in the dynamo region. Ions are dragged by the neutral species and oscillate along the wave phase lines. Electrons are dominantly subject to gyro-motion along the magnetic field. The wave-induced ion velocity in the dynamo region is approximately equal to the perturbed neutral velocity, V_i1 = V_n1. The wave-driven electron velocity, V_e1, is mainly dominated by perturbed neutral velocity projected onto the magnetic field lines (see text). As the acoustic-gravity waves propagate into the dynamo region, electrons accumulate in a certain region and disperse outward into the adjacent region, forming plasma layer structures. The magnetic field unit vector, e_B, and the wavenumber vector, k, are in the x-ɀ plane. I and θ are the dip angle of the magnetic field and the wave incidence angle, respectively. The wave phase lines are represented by the tilted dashed lines. Wave energy propagates from lower regions to upper levels for the upwardly propagating waves. The wave phase propagates downward for the GW mode and upward for AW mode. λ_x and λ_z are the horizontal and vertical wavelength. λ refers to the total wavelength and satisfies ${\lambda }^{-2}={\lambda }_x^{-2}+{\lambda }_z^{-2}$.