Profiles of plasma gyro-frequency and collisional frequency, plasma mobility, and conductivity of Mars over altitude ranges of 80–300 km. (a) Electron and ion gyro-frequency marked by Ω_e and Ω_i, respectively; ν_en refers to the electron-CO₂ collisional frequency; ν_in denotes the ${\text{O}}_2^{+}-{\text{CO}}_2$ collisional frequency; ω_b is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. (b) Profiles of the three components of the mobility tensor per unit charge of ions and electrons. The field-aligned (µ_0i and µ_0e), Pedersen (µ_pi and µ_pe), and Hall (µ_Hi and µ_He) mobilities are plotted in units of 1/eB₀. (c) The profiles of the field-aligned, Pedersen, and Hall conductivities are marked by σ₀, σ_p, and σ_H, respectively. The magnetic field magnitude, B₀, is assumed to be 20 nT since the magnetic field of Mars is dominated by the draped interplanetary magnetic field outside of the strong crustal magnetic field region. The shaded region indicates the dynamo region, where Ω_i ≪ ν_in and Ω_e ≫ ν_en.