Passive fraction at different cosmic epochs. Lines correspond to predictions from the models considered in this study. The shaded area and red symbols with error bars show observational estimates from Muzzin et al. (2013). Specifically, the shaded areas show the 1/V_max measurements, while the open symbols with error bars show the maximum-likelihood measurements (see bottom panels of Fig. 6 in Muzzin et al. 2013). The blue symbols with error bars correspond to the observational estimates by Weaver et al. (2023). A sSFR cut has been employed to select model passive galaxies (see text for details), while the observational samples are based on different colour-colour selections, a SED fitting estimate of the galaxy stellar mass, and photometric redshifts estimates.