Cumulative number density of massive quiescent galaxies as a function of redshift. Lines show model predictions corresponding to stellar mass cuts of 10¹⁰ (dashed), 10^10.5 (solid – this is the closest to the observational measurements), and 10¹¹ M_⊙ (dotted). Symbols with error bars show different observational estimates, as indicated in the legend. Measurements based on JWST are indicated in green (Carnall et al. 2023) and magenta (Valentino et al. 2023). The grey lines show the cumulative number density evolution estimated in 125 independent sub-volumes of 100 Mpc h⁻¹ on a side. All model predictions assume an uncertainty on galaxy stellar masses of 0.25 dex.