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Fig. 2

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Time series of the tidal disruption of an approximately Earth-like planet as it flies too close to its 0.1 M host star. Times are annotated relative to the time of periapse passage, tperi. In the closest approach, the planet passes at ~1.45rt, close enough to disrupt the outer layers, while the inner core survives the encounter. The iron core is excised in our calculation, and the infall of self-bound material back to the surviving core is visible in the last panel. While the upper series of panels plots the volume-averaged density of planetary debris (in which rocks could maintain a high internal density), the lower shows material's initial radius, ri, within the planet relative to the planetary radius, Rplanet. Here, for example, the outermost layers from the planet's crust (shown in red) form the outermost debris in the tidal tails.

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