Simulated demonstration of an Earth-analog exoplanet detection. Top: simulated RV curve of a planet-hosting star, as described in Sect. 3.1. The red line represents the orbital model, and the black circles represent the simulated noisy measurements, together with the simulated error bars. Bottom: comparison of the two versions of the PDC periodogram: with (solid blue) and without (dashed red) considering the error bars. The dashed vertical line marks the frequency associated with the injected orbital period of 365 days. The lower dotted horizontal line corresponds to a FAP level of 10⁻², and the upper one to a level of 10⁻³.