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Fig. 13.

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Orbital parameters (distance between the SMBHs, semi-major axis and eccentricity) of a SMBHB formed in a representative N-body simulation of a galactic merger with parameters drawn from progenitors of likely PTA sources in the IllustrisTNG100-1 cosmological simulation. Mergers are selected from the merger trees of the 100 most massive galaxies at z = 0, based on galaxy mass ratio (major mergers with mass ratio 1 : 4 or higher) and redshift (z ≤ 2). The dashed lines indicate the critical separation af and the corresponding eccentricity ef at the time in the evolution marking approximately the end of the SMBH inspiral due to DF and the beginning of the hardening phase. Dots represent a and e computed from the apoastron-periastron separation of the two SMBHs before pairing in a bound binary.

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