Fig. 3.

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QPE formation rate ℛformation as a function of τlife for median and 1σ range (green line and contour, respectively). It is computed above for direct comparison with the X-ray TDE formation rate from Sazonov et al. (2021), shown in dark red. TDE rates from optical (Yao et al. 2023) and infrared (Masterson et al. 2024) searches are also shown (see legend). Within the QPE = TDE + EMRI scenario (e.g., Franchini et al. 2023; Linial & Metzger 2023), on the order of ≈0.01 (τlife/10 y)−1 galaxies with TDEs could show signatures of QPEs later on.
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