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Fig. 7

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Numerically integrated growth tracks for three different pebble fluxes or metallicity models (row-to-row) and different Stokes numbers (column-to-column). In the constant Stχ model, St = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06 are employed to set the initial St at radial distance R1 (see top panel Fig. 2). Protoplanets with initial mass of M0 = 0.01 M are placed at r0 = 20, 50 or 80 AU at different formation times (values indicated in the legend). We stop the integration either at the end of the disk lifetime of tf = 5 Myr or earlier if they reach Miso, indicated by the gray dashed-dotted line. When Z is constant, which is equivalent to assuming that the pebble-to-gas flux ratio in the inner regions is constant, the growth tracks are independent of t0,p. Consequently, the growth is overestimated compared to constant St and Stχ, especially when St = 0.03 or 0.06 and when t0,p = 0.5 Myr or 0.8 Myr. Models with constant Stχ and St from Eqs. (36) and (32), respectively, yield similar results.

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