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Fig. 11

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Gas accretion pathway depending on the initial position and formation time of a protoplanet of 0.01 M in disks with different pebble Stokes numbers. We employ a disk lifetime of tf = 5 Myr, an initial metallicity of Z0 = 0.01 and a midplane turbulence of at = 10−4. The rest of the parameter values are listed in Table 1. Left: protoplanets cannot accrete gas via the pebble decay pathway when the pebbles are small and do not drift significantly. Center: under limited initial conditions, some gas giants form via the pebble decay pathway due to the short-lasting flux for a slightly higher value of St. Right: for even higher values of St the decay of the flux occurs earlier, and therefore, protoplanets must emerge at even earlier stages to reach Miso. The pebble decay pathway is less pronounced in this case.

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