Retrieval results of HAT-P-41b using the optical-to-NIR joint transmission spectra. Upper panel: transmission spectra measured with different instruments, shown as the error bars, where the median instrumental offsets have been applied (−4 ppm for STIS, 758 ppm for G141, and 388 ppm for IRAC). The median and 2σ credible interval of the posterior models are shown as orange lines. The black dots are the median model after wavelength binning. The shaded regions below the posterior model indicate the reference models with only AlO (green), TiO (red), MgH (deep blue), CrH (purple), H₂O (sky blue), and CO₂ (brown). Lower panel: same as the upper panel, but zoomed into the wavelength range of the OSIRIS transmission spectrum.