Fig. 3

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Growth and migration of single protoplanets in disks of a long lifetime at different turbulent levels and pebble-to-gas mass flux ratios around stars of M★ = 0.1 M⊙. Three turbulent coefficients of αt = 10−2 (upper), 10−3 (middle) and 10−4 (lower) and two pebble-to-gas flux ratios of ξp/g = 1% (left) and 2% (right) are shown. The planet and disk parameters are listed in Table 1. The dashed line represents the pebble isolation mass at the time when the planet born at 1 au reaches this value. The increasing sizes of the dots denote the disk evolution at one Myr intervals. Compared to Fig. 2, more massive planets from in disk with a longer lifetime.
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