Retrieval results for both the Modern Earth and the NOE Earth case. The top panel in each subfigure shows the respective target PT profile together with the 100 best-matching PT profiles from the training set. (“Best-matching” here refers to the unweighted mean squared difference between the PT profiles, where the average is taken over all atmospheric layers.) The middle panel shows the PT profiles obtained by our simulated atmospheric retrieval, both for our model and for the polynomial baseline. Finally, the bottom panel shows the respective fitting errors on the spectrum; cf. the right side of Fig. 9.