Fig. 9

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Precision–recall curves of ASID-C evaluated across five distinct S/N bins. The PR-AUC values show an upward trend with increasing S/N, highlighting the model’s adaptability to different noise conditions. The PR-AUC values for stars are consistently higher than those for galaxies; this discrepancy is primarily attributable to the class imbalance in the dataset, where stars outnumber galaxies. Despite this challenge, ASID-C maintains commendable PR-AUC values even in the lowest S/N bin, emphasizing its resilience and effectiveness in classifying both celestial objects under varying observational conditions.
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