Fig. 4

Download original image
Dual-branch network architecture used in this study. The primary branch processes the images through a series of convolutional layers (yellow), max-pooling layers (red), and dense layers (blue) to extract key features. The secondary branch processes the spatial information (pixel coordinates [x, y]) through multiple dense layers. Both branches merge through a concatenation layer (green), followed by additional dense layers and a final softmax layer for classification. This architecture allows the model to leverage image features and spatial information for more accurate star-galaxy classification.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.