Example cases illustrating the method of K_zz estimation. The three rows refer to (a–c) −0.02°, (d–f) −52.65°, and (g–i) 87.8° latitude, respectively. The left column shows the original H₂SO₄ vapor mixing ratio (VMR, solid black line), smoothed H₂SO₄ vapor mixing ratio (solid red line), and saturation vapor mixing ratio (SVMR, dashed black line) profiles. The middle column shows the net condensation (blue line) and evaporation (red line) rate profiles. The right column shows the derived K_zz distributions. The red triangles represent negative values, caused by the statistical fluctuation and horizontal convergence or divergence of H₂SO₄ vapor.