Age – velocity dispersion relationship (AVR), in bins of Galactocentric distance, for stars close to the Galactic plane (|Z_Gal|< 1 kpc). Also plotted are the results of Tarricq et al. (2021) for open clusters in the solar vicinity. The red dashed line corresponds to a simple power-law fit (β = 0.46) for ages < 7 Gyr in the Galactocentric distance bin 7–9 kpc, while the blue dashed line corresponds to a linear fit for ages between 7 and 11 Gyr in the same R_Gal bin. The shaded region highlights the age range in which we see a steepening in the AVR, potentially related to the GSE merger event.