Open Access
Table A.1
Observed line parameters of molecular anions in interstellar clouds.
| Species | Transition | Frequency (MHz) | VLSR (km s−1) | Δυ (km s−1) |  (mK) |
 (mK km s−1) |
Telescope | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMC-1 CP | ||||||||
| C6H− | 4-3 | 11014.896 | +5.80(2) | 0.38(4) | 25(3) | 10.1(33) | GBT | McCarthy et al. (2006) |
| 5-4 | 13768.614 | +5.80(11) | 0.44(7) | 24(3) | 11.2(43) | GBT | McCarthy et al. (2006) | |
| 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
41.6(90)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | |||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| 12-11 | 33044.488 | +5.78(1) | 0.73(1) | 22.3(23) | 17.4(18) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +5.78(1) | 0.70(1) | 20.9(22) | 15.5(17) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +5.78(1) | 0.64(2) | 18.9(20) | 12.8(14) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +5.79(2) | 0.56(3) | 17.2(19) | 10.3(12) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44059.085 | +5.79(2) | 0.57(3) | 12.8(15) | 7.7(10) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 17-16 | 46812.706 | +5.81(2) | 0.59(4) | 9.6(13) | 6.0(8) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 18-17 | 49566.313 | +5.84(3) | 0.56(5) | 5.4(10) | 3.2(5) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C4H− | 2-1 | 18619.761 | +5.70(5) | 0.43(13) | 1.0(3)b,d | GBT | Cordiner et al. (2013) | |
| 4-3 | 37239.410 | +5.81(2) | 0.71(2) | 6.0(7) | 4.5(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 5-4 | 46549.156 | +5.81(2) | 0.55(3) | 5.8(8) | 3.4(4) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C8H− | 11-10 | 12833.460 | +5.71(5) | 0.36(4) | 8(1) | 3.1(10) | GBT | Brünken et al. (2007a) |
| 12-11 | 14000.134 | +5.86(5) | 0.37(4) | 7(1) | 2.8(10) | GBT | Brünken et al. (2007a) | |
| 13-12 | 15166.806 | +5.84(6) | 0.45(4) | 6(1) | 2.9(10) | GBT | Brünken et al. (2007a) | |
| 16-15 | 18666.814 | +5.80(7) | 0.34(5) | 10(2) | 3.6(16) | GBT | Brünken et al. (2007a) | |
| 27-26 | 31500.029 | +5.82(4) | 0.63(10) | 1.28(28) | 0.86(20) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 28-27 | 32666.670 | +5.76(3) | 0.76(6) | 1.08(26) | 0.87(15) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 29-28 | 33833.309 | +5.90(12) | 0.68(17) | 0.78(19) | 0.56(18) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 30-29 | 34999.944 | +5.86(6) | 0.60(10) | 0.87(20) | 0.56(14) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 31-30 | 36166.576 | +5.83(8) | 0.32(20) | 1.01(24) | 0.34(10) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 32-31 | 37333.205 | +5.73(5) | 0.66(11) | 0.87(23) | 0.61(16) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 33-32 | 38499.831 | +5.81(9) | 0.82(17) | 0.68(20) | 0.60(18) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 34-33 | 39666.453 | +5.93(10) | 0.40(12) | 0.44(21) | 0.19(7)e | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C3N− | 4-3 | 38812.797 | +5.78(1) | 0.88(2) | 4.2(2) | 3.95) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 5-4 | 48515.872 | +5.86(2) | 0.61(4) | 6.3(9) | 4.1(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 8-7 | 77624.540 | +5.88(3) | 0.52(8) | 7.1(17) | 3.9(9) | IRAM 30m | This work | |
| 10-9 | 97029.687 | +5.77(4) | 0.38(6) | 2.7(8) | 1.1(3) | IRAM 30m | This work | |
| C5N− | 12-11 | 33332.570 | +5.83(1) | 0.71(3) | 6.5(7) | 4.9(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 13-12 | 36110.238 | +5.80(1) | 0.64(2) | 6.1(7) | 4.1(5) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38887.896 | +5.81(1) | 0.63(2) | 6.5(8) | 4.4(5) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41665.541 | +5.82(2) | 0.58(2) | 5.7(7) | 3.5(5) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44443.173 | +5.79(2) | 0.56(2) | 4.7(6) | 2.8(4) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 17-16 | 47220.793 | +5.81(2) | 0.50(4) | 3.6(6) | 1.9(3) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| Lupus-1A | ||||||||
| C6H− | 7-6 | 19276.037 | +5.046(8) | 0.16(2) | 85(8)b | 14(2)b | GBT | Sakai et al. (2010) |
| 8-7 | 22029.741 | +5.034(10) | 0.17(2) | 94(11)b | 15(3)b | GBT | Sakai et al. (2010) | |
| 12-11 | 33044.488 | +5.06(2) | 0.59(3) | 30.1(37) | 18.9(24) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +5.08(2) | 0.51(3) | 32.9(40) | 17.8(25) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +5.05(2) | 0.48(4) | 30.4(38) | 15.7(20) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +5.09(3) | 0.40(7) | 32.7(42) | 13.8(19) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44059.085 | +5.07(3) | 0.55(6) | 24.2(35) | 14.2(22) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 17-16 | 46812.706 | +5.10(6) | 0.51(8) | 17.1(33) | 9.3(18) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C4H− | 4-3 | 37239.410 | +5.078(13) | 0.34(3) | 59(5)b | 19(5)b | GBT | Sakai et al. (2010) |
| 4-3 | 37239.410 | +5.04(4) | 0.78(7) | 7.4(14) | 6.1(11) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 5-4 | 46549.156 | +5.05(9) | 0.45(12) | 9.8(27) | 4.7(13) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 9-8 | 83787.297 | +5.23(6) | 0.47(12) | 10.4(31) | 5.3(13) | IRAM 30m | This work | |
| C8H− | 16-15 | 18666.814 |  |
0.09(3) | 35(9) | 4(1)b,c |  |
Sakai et al. (2010) |
| 18-17 | 21000.145 | |||||||
| C3N− | 4-3 | 38812.797 | +5.16(15) | 0.96(15) | 2.8(10) | 2.8(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| C5N− | 12-11 | 33332.570 | +5.11(7) | 0.50(9) | 8.4(16) | 4.4(10) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 13-12 | 36110.238 | +5.11(7) | 0.44(9) | 6.5(13) | 3.1(7) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38887.896 | +5.13(7) | 0.64(8) | 8.0(17) | 5.4(11) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41665.541 | +5.14(9) | 0.37(10) | 9.2(19) | 3.7(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44443.173 | +5.09(10) | 0.58(15) | 6.1(18) | 3.8(11) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| L1527 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 7-6 | 19276.037 | +5.93(9) | 0.45(11) | 14(3)b | 7(2)b | GBT | Sakai et al. (2007) |
| 8-7 | 22029.741 | +5.89(3) | 0.49(10) | 26(4)b | 18(4)b | GBT | Sakai et al. (2007) | |
| 12-11 | 33044.488 | +5.90(5) | 0.85(10) | 9.6(14) | 8.6(16) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +5.85(4) | 0.60(4) | 11.4(20) | 7.3(18) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +5.84(3) | 0.61(5) | 12.0(18) | 7.8(12) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +5.90(3) | 0.60(4) | 16.4(25) | 10.4(19) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44059.085 | +5.90(3) | 0.52(4) | 14.5(23) | 8.0(16) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 17-16 | 46812.706 | +5.83(5) | 0.58(8) | 11.1(23) | 6.8(14) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C4H− | 4-3 | 37239.410 | +5.92(12) | 0.80(20) | 3.2(10) | 2.7(7) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 5-4 | 46549.156 | +6.05(15) | 0.73(15) | 4.9(19) | 3.8(13) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 9-8 | 83787.297 | +5.80(3) | 0.62(9) | 13(2) | 8(1) | IRAM 30m | Agúndez et al. (2008) | |
| 10-9 | 93096.550 | +5.90(4) | 0.59(9) | 11(2) | 7(1) | IRAM 30m | Agúndez et al. (2008) | |
| L483 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 12-11 | 33044.488 | +5.38(6) | 0.66(8) | 4.9(11) | 3.4(8) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +5.33(5) | 0.70(7) | 5.8(10) | 4.3(8) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +5.33(5) | 0.78(7) | 5.2(9) | 4.3(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +5.29(6) | 0.46(9) | 5.3(12) | 2.6(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44059.085 | +5.24(10) | 0.75(12) | 4.8(12) | 3.8(10) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 17-16 | 46812.706 | +5.34(7) | 0.63(9) | 5.0(14) | 3.4(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| C4H− | 4-3 | 37239.410 | +5.39(8) | 0.73(12) | 2.8(7) | 2.2(5) | Yebes 40 m | This work |
| 5-4 | 46549.156 | +5.37(10) | 0.44(15) | 2.7(12) | 1.3(5)e | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| L1495B | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
9.6(20)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| 12-11 | 33044.488 | +7.66(5) | 0.80(7) | 5.9(12) | 5.0(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +7.65(5) | 0.50(8) | 5.8(12) | 3.1(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +7.58(7) | 0.39(10) | 4.3(11) | 1.8(4) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +7.66(10) | 0.36(14) | 6.6(16) | 2.6(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 16-15 | 44059.085 | +7.61(8) | 0.49(12) | 4.1(11) | 2.1(6) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| L1544 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 7-6 | 19276.037e |  |
0.16(3) | 16(2) | 6.0(18) |  |
Gupta et al. (2009) |
| 0.13(3) | 26(2) | |||||||
| 12-11 | 33044.488 | +7.11(13) | 0.67(28) | 4.5(16) | 3.2(14) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 13-12 | 35798.153 | +7.04(10) | 0.48(16) | 4.1(12) | 2.1(9) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 14-13 | 38551.808 | +6.98(8) | 0.50(13) | 6.0(16) | 3.2(12) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| 15-14 | 41305.453 | +7.34(18) | 0.76(36) | 4.6(15) | 3.7(16) | Yebes 40 m | This work | |
| L1521F | ||||||||
| C6H− | 7-6 | 19276.037e |  |
0.18(3) | 17(2) | 7.0(17) |  |
Gupta et al. (2009) |
| 0.35(9) | 9(2) | |||||||
| L1251A | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
6.5(17)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| L1512 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
4.3(8)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| L1172 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
6.7(15)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| L1389 | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
5.9(14)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
| TMC-1 C | ||||||||
| C6H− | 10-9 | 27537.130 |  |
13.6(25)b,c |  |
Cordiner et al. (2013) | ||
| 11-10 | 30290.813 | |||||||
a Unless otherwise stated, the intensity scale is antenna temperature (
). It can be converted to main beam brightness temperature (Tmb) by dividing by Beff/Feff, where Beff is the main beam efficiency and ieff is the telescope forward efficiency. For the Yebes 40 m telescope in the Q band Beff = 0.797exp[−(ν(GHz)/71.1)2] and Feff = 0.97 (https://rt40m.oan.es/rt40m_en.php), for the IRAM30m telescope Beff = 0.871 exp[−(ν(GHz)/359)2] and Feff = 0.95 (https://publicwiki.iram.es/Iram30mEfficiencies), and for the GBT telescope we adopt Feff = 1.0 and Beff = 1.32 × 0.71 exp[−(ν(GHz)/103.7)2] (Frayer et al. 2018). The error in 
includes the contributions from the Gaussian fit and from calibration (assumed to be 10%). b Intensity scale is Tmb. c Average of two lines. d Line neglected in the analysis. Intensity should be ~3 times larger to be consistent with the other lines.e Line detected marginally.
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