Averaged temperature profiles for different solar model atmospheres. Left panel: simple horizontal- and time-averaged temperature profiles 〈T〉_h as a function of geometric depth. Zero geometric depth corresponds approximately to the optical surface. Relative and absolute differences between the new models and sunRef are shown in the middle and lower parts, respectively. Right panel: the τ_Ross- and time-averaged temperature 〈T〉_τ as a function of Rosseland optical depth (T − τ relation) for models sunA09, sunA21, and sunRef.