Fig. 6

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Dynamical evolution of planets in an extended simulation (100 Myr) that underwent multiple dynamical instabilities much later after the gas dispersal, at approximately 21 and 28 Myr. The plots show the temporal evolution of planetary bodies, specifically their semimajor axes, masses, eccentricities, and orbital inclinations. Each line color represents an individual object; however, the color is random in each plot. The dashed black line shows the estimated time of the gas dissipation at ~8 Myr. For better visualization, the panels on the left (semimajor axes and masses) show the evolution of all bodies with masses > 0.1 M⊕, and the panels on the right (eccentricities and orbital inclinations) show only bodies with masses > 0.5 M⊕.
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