Unraveling the formation histories of the first supermassive black holes with the Square Kilometre Array’s pulsar timing array

Open Access

Fig. 3.

Constraints on the q − a plane from the SKA sensitivity curve and assuming a primary black hole mass M₁ = 10⁹ M_⊙ at various redshifts. The dashed line shows the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO).

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