Fig. 5

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Maps of the configuration space for a spinning rubble-pile aggregate using different indicators. Final asymptotic maps are shown for all the cases. Maps with t = 300 min have not reached a stable asymptotic condition in this time frame and would require longer simulation times (or may never become stable). The solid red line indicates the breakup limit derived from granular N-body simulations (ground-truth reference), and the dashed red line indicates the theoretical equilibrium curve described by Eq. (3). The solid green line indicates level lines with FTLE(W) = 0 (FTLE cases) and DD(W) = 0 (DD cases).
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