Comparative properties of TOI-969b. Left: mass–radius diagram of known exoplanets with measured mass precisions better than 30% (gray symbols) and the location of TOI-969b. The bulk density lines corresponding to different compositions from Zeng et al. (2019) are shown as solid traces, and the dashed lines correspond to iso-densities of 0.3, 1, and 3 gm⁻³. Right: period-radius diagram of known exoplanets (gray crosses) highlighting those with measured masses (open black circles). The light-gray-shaded region represents the mean boundaries of the hot-Neptune desert derived by Mazeh et al. (2016) and the dark-grey-shaded region corresponds to the interior envelope of the \cr boundaries. The location of TOI-969 b is marked in red, as are the locations two other planets in the hot-Neptune desert, namely TOI-849 b (Armstrong et al. 2020) and LTT 9779 b (Jenkins et al. 2020).