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Table 2

Algorithmic efficiency.

Algorithmic step Runtime ∝ O(·) Memory ∝ O(·)
Create particle list N N
Sort particle list NlogN 1
Create collision list N2є
Sort collision list 1
Reduce particle list log N 0
Ereate κ fragments κ κ
Sort κ fragments κ log κ 1
Merge particle lists N + κ 1
Reduce collision list 0
Create new collision list κN
Merge collision lists 1
Total simulation

Notes. Order estimations, in big O, of the time and memory requirement in Keplerian collision detection. The top shows the initialisation, the middle rows show the managing of one collision, and the bottom is for the full simulation. This total is found because there are an expected O(N2s2/Ia2) collisions in any fixed simulation time. For comparison, the time complexity for tree codes scales as O(N4/3I−1/3log N). The parameter κ is the number of fragments produced in a collision.

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