Fig. 9

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Simulation results for the disc gap at 75 au and δ = 10−5, which ended from t0 + 2.4 × 105 to t0 + 3.1 × 105 yr. (a) e-m time sequence, showing that a small number of massive embryos started growth early and stirred the majority of the late-forming planetesimals into eccentric orbits, (b) i-m plot at the end of the simulations, showing that the i of all bodies remains far lower than the pebble disc scale height and confirms that the pebble relative velocity is critical, (c) Compared to the case of r0 = 10 au and δ = 10−5, the differential mass distribution shows an even smaller number of massive cores formed in these simulations.
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