Comparison of CWST statistics. The CWST coefficients of the FoCUS output map (solid red line) are compared to those of the mock data d (solid blue line) and the noise-free dust model s_m (dashed black line). The thicker grey line represents the statistical variance of the FoCUS output estimated from ten simulations. The top row shows the coefficients S₁ plotted vs scale j₁, and the bottom row shows the S₂ coefficients averaged over θ₁ and θ₂ plotted vs the ratio of the two scales j₂ − j₁. The three columns correspond to different Galactic masks.