Cumulative ejecta mass normalised by the projectile mass, m, ejected at speeds greater than v as a function of normalised ejection speed, v/U, for impacts on various targets. Panel a: Homogeneous targets with Y = 0 Pa, f = 0.55 and results from Raducan & Jutzi (2022) of impacts on homogeneous targets with varying cohesion (Y = 0–50 Pa, f = 0.6). Panels b–f: targets with different boulder configurations. Panels b–d are targets with high boulder packing and (e) and (f) are targets with loose boulder packing. In all panels, the dashed line shows the mass-velocity distribution from a 600 kg impact at 6 km s⁻¹ on a homogeneous (matrix-only) target. The shaded area shows the velocity range for which the ejecta might be under-resolved (see Sect. 2).