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Fig. 5

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Mixing ratio profiles of HOx (OH + HO2) and NOx (NO + NO2) species that power the catalytic cycles which destroy O3 for models with 100%, 10%, 1%, and 0.1% PAL O2. Here, we show models for the hottest (GOV) and coolest (M5V) stellar hosts. For decreasing O2 levels photolysis reaches lower levels of the atmosphere, causing OH and HO2 formation to occur at lower levels. The HOx is not significantly impacted by these changes since O3 formation is pushed deeper into the atmosphere as well. NOx species experience depletion via N2O and NO photolysis, although are less affected for models around cooler stars with lower photolysis rates. The efficiency of the NOx catalytic cycle decreases consistently for all host stars with decreasing O2 levels. See Sect. 4.3 for full details.

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