Time series (left column), seasonal cycle (middle column) and Taylor diagram (right column) for temperature (T). The shaded uncertainty regions are standard deviations. The time series, seasonal cycle and Taylor diagram contain in situ data (black filled circles in time series and seasonal cycle; red filled circle on x-axis of Taylor diagram), ERA5 data (maroon filled stars) and PRIMAVERA data for coupled-past (orange solid), coupled-future (orange dotted), atmos-past (blue solid) and atmos-future (blue dotted). In the Taylor diagram, apart from the ensemble mean (filled circles), we show the individual PRIMAVERA GCMs, namely HadGEM3-GC31-HM (pentagon), EC-Earth3P-HR (hexagon). CNRM-CM6-1-HR (square), MPI-ESM1 -2-XR (diamond), CMCC-CM2-VHR4 (up-triangle) and ECMWF-IFS-HR (down-triangle). The selected pressure levels are given in Table 4. The seasonal cycle and the Taylor diagram use monthly time-intersecting data (in situ measurements, ERA5 and historical PRIMAVERA). The future seasonal cycle is plotted for the time period 2015–2050.