Reflection in the principal plane of the 0.5-model. Panel a: reflected intensity I(θ_pp) and polarized intensity P(θ_pp) for the 0.5-model (θ₀ = 57.5°, ω = 0.5, ɡ = 0.5, p_max = 0.5) are shown in red. The analytic solution and simulations of I_iso(θ) for the reflectivity of a surface with isotropically scattering particles ɡ = 0 with θ₀ = 57.5°, ω = 0.5, p_max = 0.5 is shown in black. The analytic result I_Lam(θ) ∝ coso θ for a Lambertian surface with a surface albedo A_s = 0.156 is in blue. Panel b: fractional Stokes parameter q(θ_pp) for the 0.5-model.