Distributions of the p-values obtained by comparing from each of n = 3 observed samples of HVSs against the D_ω’s of a series of n_t = 5000 mock samples. The observed samples and the mock samples have all crossed a spherical DM halo. The black histogram shows an approximately uniform distribution of p, with a median value p_med ≃ 0.5; the olive histogram shows the case of a skewed distribution with p_med ≃ 0.3; the purple histogram shows the case of a skewed distribution with p_med ≃ 0.7. The median p-values of the three distributions are marked by the vertical dashed lines.